Le leadership et l'instruction

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LGen(retd) J.O. Michel Maisonneuve, CMM, MSC, CD
Directeur des études, Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean

Je suis très heureux d'être avec vous cet après-midi. Merci de m'avoir invité.

Le sujet du leadership m'a toujours passionné, et bien sûr, dans mes fonctions actuelles, celui de l'influence de l'instruction sur le leadership m'intéresse encore plus.

Le thème de ce symposium est très clair et j'aimerais l'aborder de la façon suivante :

D'abord, je voudrais résumer d'une manière générale le contexte opérationnel actuel avec toute la complexité qui le caractérise. Ensuite, j'aimerais examiner dans quelle mesure la formation (dont les études) peuvent aider à porter remède (certes pas seules) à cette complexification. Finalement, je voudrais évaluer l'impact de l'instruction sur le leadership, tant du point de vue du chef que du point de vue du subordonné. C'est un mandat imposant, et je vous invite à y ajouter vos commentaires pour alimenter notre réflexion.

Complexity is probably the best adjective to describe today's operational environment. We just heard about the impact of advanced technology on operations, and this factor can be either a facilitator or a detractor. There is little doubt technology will add a degree of complexity to the operational situation, especially from the point of view of the information available to the leader. One of his challenges will therefore be to sift through the information available to him.

Operations today will be the result of security issues that are vastly different from those of 30 or 40 years ago. Here are a few examples: extremist interpretations of Islamic and other religions; what we call today "failed and failing states" and their impact on neighbouring states; serious degradation in the environment in geographic areas that leads to general strife and population displacements; renewable energy depletion; and the scarcity of water. These issues and others will have a tremendous impact on the security of states and individuals. Communications and transportation interdependence will mean it will be easier to export violence and insecurity across borders and distances.

The threat of weapons of mass effect easily available to non-state actors will hang over the forces and create greater friction and complexity. Regular and irregular threats (so-called hybrid threats) will be the order of the day. Organized crime and corruption will thrive in the mission area, and the belligerent will have at his disposal the ability to influence, deceive and create hysteria through media, especially social media.

Friendly forces will likely be committed with ambiguous and possibly non-enforceable political direction and their mandate may be unclear. Forces may benefit from lukewarm political and public support. As they have over the last years, forces will likely operate in regions with extremes in temperatures, where the people lack food and water. Forces will need to be self-sustaining and may have to deal with a faceless enemy; or as coined by Rupert Smith, an enemy "among the people", with refugees and displaced persons mixed in with regular citizens. This can be summed up in the terms "non-linear security environment" and "dispersed operations" when compared with the "good old days" of the cold war.

Finally and importantly, in most theatres, forces will operate within a multinational context, with allies and especially non military actors from many nations who may be as different culturally as it is possible to be.

Comment réagir face à la complexité du contexte?

La course aux armements ne cesse de s'accélérer. Chaque décennie doit inventer un meilleur blindage pour empêcher les obus de nouvelle génération de pénétrer les chars. Chaque amélioration du blindage entraîne l'invention d'un nouveau projectile. Quel est donc le « blindage » qui va nous permettre, au sens figuré, de régler les conflits de demain compte tenu de la complexité décrite plus haut, et pourra aussi aider le chef à commander ses forces en opérations? La formation et les études en font indéniablement partie. Voici donc quelques idées.

D'abord, il faut continuer à répondre à ce que qui constitue un besoin permanent des leaders en leur fournissant un entraînement leur permettant d'atteindre le plus haut niveau de professionnalisme possible dans leur métier de chef.

Le chef doit s'efforcer d'adopter une approche fondée sur la cohérence, en vertu de laquelle acteurs militaires et non-militaires agissent de concert vers un objectif commun. II faut progresser de l'interopérabilité entre moyens militaires et non militaires vers la cohérence. Au niveau de l'échange d'information, la règle par défaut devrait être une communication ouverte avec les collaborateurs non militaires et la protection de l'information, l'exception.

Our leaders will thus need to be prepared to deal with a diffusion of their authority - in essence, they will need to lead without holding all the reins of power; this means that for leaders in this context, influence will be more important than direct leadership - this is often the case in what is called a "comprehensive" approach to operations. Today's leader will need to be a consultative and sensitive individual, who is prepared to listen and lead from behind.

Bien qu'il doive parfois commander à partir de l'arrière, le chef devra aussi faire preuve de décision, ce qui n'est pas toujours facile dans le cadre légal flou où nous devons parfois opérer; cela entravera souvent sa liberté d'action. Une des qualités des chefs canadiens a toujours été leur capacité d'adaptation et d'initiative. Il faut que cette capacité qui est une forme d'ouverture aux changements persiste. Pour garder son avance sur l'ennemi, il est indispensable d'améliorer sans cesse les procédures et même d'accélérer le cycle des innovations.

Naturally, the study of leadership theory and its application throughout history will provide models for us to assess and use to our advantage. We have all had a chance to think about leadership traits that we value in a leader. Here, I will define six of mine: responsibility, knowledge or expertise, vision, communications, attitude, and courage

Responsibility means accepting your role and acknowledging that as the leader, you have certain responsibilities to your superiors and to your subordinates. It is also knowing that you are responsible for the ethical accomplishment of your tasks, and accountable for your actions and those of your command. A responsible leader will also be prepared for any test, be it physical or mental. This means the good leader will learn to prepare his body as well as his mind for the rigours of service. Fitness and stamina will therefore be important and will serve as an example to subordinates.

Knowledge provides confidence in the profession, and education helps provide confidence to the individual. A most interesting aspect of gaining knowledge is that as you go on, you develop an even greater thirst for information, and you quickly realise how little you know. Many erudite scholars refuse to be called "experts" as they realise that they know little compared to the mountain of information available. As he read voraciously, the French philosopher Montaigne used to decry the fact that he was getting old and would never be able to slake his thirst for knowledge completely before he died.

Vision is an important asset for a leader. The ability to visualize an end state will help subordinates understand the mission better without minute detail and to operate, as the French call it, in "la pensée du chef". Vision will help to make complex issues simple; to break down difficult situations into bite-sized portions so that subordinates can deal with them. Today's complex operational environment will require this skill to a large degree, and especially at the higher ranks. Similarly, I roll into vision, the openness to new ideas, and the ability to consider new methods and solutions that may lead to improved performance or results. A good leader will always be looking for subordinates who can think laterally and who can innovate.

As an aside, I have always felt that multinational commands almost institutionalise lateral thinking. In a one-nation organization (or even in a civilian company), you may want to test your idea on one particular individual who has a reputation for being "off the wall" just to get a different perspective. In a multinational command, you will get as many different opinions as there are nations, multiplied by the number of services serving in it! It's almost like asking three different lawyers for a legal opinion! The challenge for the leader in this environment is to pick the best solution, informed and improved by the different lateral opinions.

La communication est une des qualités primordiales d'un chef. Celui-ci doit être capable de communiquer facilement dans les deux langues, oralement et par écrit. Naturellement, l'apprentissage des deux langues officielles du canada est essentiel, mais il y a aussi place pour l'apprentissage d'autres langues. Au-delà, la capacité de composer un texte clair, bien structuré et facile à comprendre est indispensable à l'exercice du commandement - tout comme celle de parler en public.

L'attitude du chef est importante. Celui-ci doit demeurer positif et sûr de lui, tout en faisant preuve d'humilité. Comment acquérir cette habileté? L'instruction permet à un jeune chef compenser son manque d'expérience par des connaissances théoriques et académiques, et l'aide à avoir peu plus de confiance en lui. Comme ces jeunes « MBA » qui arrivent tout nouveaux dans une entreprise financière croyant tout savoir, le jeune chef doit manifester une attitude positive, tout en restant humble et en étant prêt à écouter et à apprendre de ses « anciens ».

Finally courage is a quality every leader should possess. Of course, courage in the face of the enemy, but the definition can also be broadened. A courageous leader will have the courage of his ideas. He will be unafraid to challenge his subordinates, while prepared to admit he is uncertain about any aspect. It is a bit like opening yourself up to group therapy; the leader is not afraid to tell his subordinates that he is willing to listen.

Au bout de quelques années, le chef prendra de l'expérience. Il doit alors avoir le courage de suivre son intuition. On est trop souvent porté à utiliser la solution habituelle dans n'importe quelle situation. Or, il est parfois préférable de se fier à son « gut feeling »; un bon chef ne doit pas avoir peur de recourir à son intuition pour résoudre un problème, surtout s'il est inhabituel. Cela demande toutefois du courage - et un apprentissage constant. Napoléon disait que la première qualité qu'il recherchait chez ses généraux était la chance. Mais la « chance » est souvent le résultat de plusieurs années d'études et d'expérience!

Let me now address further the place of education for the leader. One could think that all you get from education is knowledge. But education will actually enhance all leadership assets and will help bring clarity to the leader's role. Ronald Haycock defined education as the reasoned response to an unpredictable situation - critical thinking in the face of the unknown (training is called a predictable response to a predictable situation). What can be more unpredictable than the environment described earlier?

The leader who accepts the responsibility of her profession recognizes the acquisition of knowledge must continue throughout her career. With the acquisition of knowledge, the leader develops the ability to learn. From formal studies the leader can learn to apply that knowledge; problem-solving, mathematical or otherwise, will always help resolve the problem of assaulting a dug-in enemy section with a platoon. A known scholar has also stated that education can help control fear. (Horn)

L'instruction est primordiale pour acquérir les connaissances nécessaires à la compétence. À cela, doit bien sûr s'ajouter l'expérience, surtout dans un contexte où nos jeunes chefs ont à commander des militaires expérimentés ayant déjà participé à de nombreuses opérations.

As a matter of fact, one of the more interesting comments heard from the officer cadets of today is their fear of failure at leading subordinates with significant operational experience. All generations of leaders have been faced with this situation with past veterans. The Canadian Forces of today are composed of veterans of today's demanding operational missions.

Education can be one way of helping the leaders of today cope with this situation. Knowledge can help them become more familiar with today's operational environment; for example, basic notions in anthropology, history, sociology, psychology, etc, can be useful in dealing with the battle space of today as described earlier. Our manual Duty with Honour calls this "supporting knowledge" and specifically lists Canadian and military history, political science, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and management theory; one could also add philosophy.

A post secondary education should help provide the leader with the ability to synthesize information, to absorb information from many sources and to draw the few essential notions it contains; one way of making the complex simple, of expressing a vision. Vision can be developed with education and experience, but also through the study of history and political science. It will develop critical and creative thinking and sound judgement - especially in how and when to use force. Initiative within "la pensée du chef" is now required at lower and lower levels in today's dispersed operations.

Il n'est pas nécessaire de s'étendre beaucoup sur la façon dont l'instruction aidera le chef au niveau de la communication. Écrire et parler correctement, tout en ayant la capacité de communiquer clairement un message ou d'expliquer un concept d'opérations, est essentiel, et ce, que le chef s'adresse à des militaire ou à des non militaires, oralement ou par écrit, et dans l'une ou l'autre des deux langues officielles. Si le chef possède une excellente habilité à s'exprimer par écrit et oralement, sa crédibilité aux yeux de ses subordonnés en sera accrue, ainsi que sa confiance en lui. L'habilité à communiquer permettra aussi au chef de faire la preuve de sa tolérance et de son pouvoir de rassembler, ainsi que de manifester la sensibilité culturelle nécessaire dans tous les théâtres d'opération.

The leader who is operating in today's environment may be experiencing sensory overload, fear, an uncomfortable physical situation while having to resolve a difficult problem. The ability to think clearly that education can enhance will be helpful in the decision-making process.

So the well-educated leader will have more chances of success. How will he now deal with educated subordinates?

Si les subordonnés sont plus instruits que le chef, il est essentiel que celui-ci puisse utiliser leurs connaissances à meilleur escient. Il ne s'agit pas là d'une situation nouvelle ou anormale. À travers les temps, de nombreux chefs ont dû démontrer leur capacité d'exercer leur leadership sur des subordonnés plus instruits qu'eux. C'est une question d'attitude.

The leader must be humble enough to recognize abilities in others and to allow them to influence outcomes; the leader must add value where she is able but must not become an obstacle to success. As Lee Iacocca has said: "Lead, follow, or get out of the way." The leader then becomes an "animateur" who empowers his subordinates and lets them achieve success while being supportive. This also assumes the leader will not feel threatened by the others; she must demonstrate the self-confidence to back-off when required.

Subordinates who may be much more experienced will also respect a leader who listens and takes their advice into consideration before making a decision; they will acknowledge the leader who is well-educated but willing to listen.

Decisiveness must follow from this attitude. Even if the leader is new and inexperienced, he must be able to demonstrate early that he has the ability to listen to all sides of a debate, and then make the decision. Obviously it is hoped these early decisions will not involve life-or-death issues, but even if they do, a well-educated leader who has a positive attitude can listen, and then show his decisiveness and leadership.

Dans l'attitude, on retrouve aussi l'esprit d'équipe. Un chef qui démontre à ses subordonnés qu'il travaille en équipe avec les autres, qu'ils soient du même grade ou placés sous son commandement, établira rapidement sa réputation, ce qui ne peut qu'aider ses subordonnés à utiliser la même approche.

Paradoxically, a good leader in command of educated subordinates may sometimes have an easier time with his troops because they will "get it" quickly. He has to be prepared, however, to be much more challenged. He must be prepared to entertain other points of view - some of which may be better and more appropriate than his own. His humility must allow him to lead from behind (as Ghandi said, "There go my people; I must follow them, for I am their leader").

Permettez-moi, pour terminer, de souligner l'importance du rôle des enseignants. Le contrat moral entre la société canadienne et les militaires implique que, d'un côté, le militaire accepte de servir le Canada sous les drapeaux, et ce, même au péril de sa vie. De l'autre côté, la société canadienne s'engage à fournir au militaire tous les outils requis pour accomplir sa mission. Les enseignants fournissent des outils importants aux militaires : des connaissances bien sûr, mais aussi la capacité d'analyser et de synthétiser l'information, ainsi que de communiquer dans les deux langues officielles. Par ailleurs, ils favorisent le développement de leur curiosité naturelle, de leur jugement, et de leur esprit critique. De ce point de vue, le travail des enseignants est absolument essentiel.

En résumé, j'ai décrit de façon générale le contexte complexe de nos opérations actuelles et comment le fait d'avoir de l'instruction peut aider à y faire face. J'ai ensuite esquissé quelques aspects du type de leadership nécessaire pour mener à bien les opérations actuelles. J'ai enfin donné un aperçu de la contribution de l'instruction à l'apprentissage du leadership pour terminer par une brève discussion de la situation des leaders dont les subordonnés sont plus instruits.

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